Medical Laboratory Journal

HIV false positive results and Flu vaccination

A Moradi

Abstract False positive results are the major problem influencing interpretation of Clinical Laboratory test. They are originated mostly in the other diseases, technical errors and the recent vaccination. The problem has been presented since 1991 is positive HIV test after influenza Vaccination (1). The False positive has been reported in Cases using Eliza, one of The most common test to screen HIV, and in people vaccinated against influenza.(2) In a study carried out in 1992, nearly 1.7% of recently vaccinated subjects had false positive HIV(3) while Mackenzie's report was 0.6% to 1.7%. (4) In another study, the rate of false positive is 0.9% in 10-20 year-old subjects and 3.1% in subjects aged over 60. (5). In addition, the vaccinated cases suffered from infecfious disorders are highly predisposed to false positive HIV. (5) Considering the aforementioned points, we decided to determine false positive HIV in 196 vaccinated Cases set off for Mecca. (2004, Gorgan). After thorough examination of the cases , we injected them Influac (2005/2006) composing of 45my heamagglutinine and neuramidase proteins extracted from Viruses of: 1-A/California/7/2004 (H3N2)-Like strain (A/New York/55/2004 NYMC X-157) 2-A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-Like strain (A/New Caledonia/20/99 IVR-116) 3-B/Shanghai/361/2002-like strain (B/Jiangsu/10/2003) in 196 healthy influenza vaccinated group. Analysis of HIV anti-body was assessed using Elisa method (DiaPro Kit Italy). After seven weeks, HIV anti-body was analyzed using Eliza method (Diapro kit, Italy) Conclusion: The results show that no one has positive HIV. These finding is not in accord with previous studies. It may be due to the recent use of vaccine modified and specialized and the use of Eliza

Frequency of Influenza A&B in Pharyngeal Secretion of Children with Upper Respiratory Infection

S Noor bakhsh

Abstract Background and objectives: Influenza virus is the sixth cause of death in the world. We cannot differentiate it from other respiratory viruses upon clinical signs alone. This study was aimed at determining the frequency of influenza A&B antigen in pharyngeal secretion of children with upper Respiratory Infection (URI). Materials and methods: This cross sectional -descriptive study was done in pediatrics clinic of Rasoul hospital and Shahid Heidari clinic, Tehran (2006-2007). We studied the immunochromatography 149 children aged less than 14 years with URI. Rapid test was performed on pharyngeal samples of all cases. We used independent T test to compare the means of variables. (CI 95%, p<0.05). Results: The Signs of the studied children are fever (58.4%), sore throat (60.4%), coughing, runny nose and hoarseness (45%) and gastric signs (<20%) while in Influenza cases, they are 86.7%, 40% and 40% respectively. Fifteen (10.1%) of the subjects have positive rapid influenza test. The average age of the influenza case is 80 months, which is not significantly different from non-influenza cases. While no under one-year-old child has Positive influenza test, by increasing age the number of positive test is increased. As the frequency in children, aged over 10 is increased to 15.4%. There is significant difference between positive influenza test and signs such as fever, sore throat and previous antibiotic usage (p<0.5). Conclusion: Although this study was not done in epidemic period for influenza, it indicated Influenza as the etiology of 10.6% of URI. Since the cost for prevention and treatment of influenza is high and drug resistance is problematic, we can decrease the URI in non-epidemic period by mass vaccination in children, at least in high-risk cases. Key words: URI (upper respiratory infection), Influenza virus, rapid Immunochromatography Influenza test, Influenza vaccine.

Anti-influenza antibody Level after Vaccination

A Moradi

Abstract: Introduction: Influenza is highly transmitted disease and vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza. This research was designed to study the variation of serum antibody level among the subjects had already been vaccinated against influenza. Materials and Methods: This research is a descriptive-analytical study, which was carried out on 196 subjects who had influenza vaccination (influvac 2005/2006) and 200 subjects matched by the vaccinated subjects, by age. The subject's serums were prepared seven weeks after influenza vaccination, and the control group's serums were also prepared. The serum antibody level was determined by haemaglutination inhibition test. Results: The mean age of case group is 52.2±11 and control group 48.64±5.17.The antibody titre of 115 of Vaccinated group and 15 of control is less than 40 1 The mean antibody titer of vaccinated subjects and control group is 143.4 ± 10.89 and 18.34± 3.2, respectively. The difference is statistically significant (P value=0.000). Conclusion: The findings show that the mean titer of antibody in vaccinated and control group is statistically different. It means that the influenza vaccine had a good efficacy. Key words: Vaccination, Influenza, Gorgan.

Sero-epidemiologic investigation of Herpes Simplex virus type II in Gorgan, 2005

M Mofidi

Abstract Background and objectives: Herpes simplex virus type two (HSV-2) infections are mostly considered as a sexually transmitted disease. It causes genital herpes, newborn herpes non-pyrogenic meningitis and may act as an underlying factor for HIV infection. This study was conducted to determine the sero-epidemiologic prevalence of herpes simplex virus type two in cases referred to ten clinical laboratories of Gorgan. Materials and methods: This cross- sectional study was performed on blood Samples of 406 randomly selected Clients. These samples were analyzed for Anti HSV-2 using Specific enzyme-Linked immunoassays (ELIZA) Results: Four point nine percent of all subjects have anti HSV-2. There is Significant difference between sero-positive HSV-2 and factors such as age and Marital Status (P<0.05). Conclusion: HIV is progressively increased and HSV-2 infection is one of the major risk factors for HIV therefore, decreasing the prevalence of HSV-2 infections may Leads to the reduction of HIV prevalence. Key word: HSV-2, Antibody, Gorgan, Sero-epidemiology.

Screening of Extended Spectrum Beta lactamase Producing Gram Negative Bacilli Isolated from Clinical Cases

H Hoseinzadegan

Abstract

Background and objectives:

(ESBL) strain is one of the emerging health related problems in the world recently.

Some of the species of the gram-negative bacilli including Klebsiella Pneumonia &

Escherichia Coli are well known ESBL producing among bacteria, and they cause

uncontrollable infections. This Cross-sectional study was designed to asses the

ESBL producing gram negative bacilli among inpatients of Shohada-ye- ashayer

hospital (Khorram Abad).

Extended Spectrum Betalactamase producing

Materials and methods:

methods. ESBL producing gram negative bacilli were screened with MacConkey

Agars containing 4 mg/liter Ceftazidime and confirmed with double disk synergy

method as recommended by national standard laboratory institute.

Samples were processed with routine laboratory

Results:

positive for ESBL.The most isolated species of ESBL are 20 Klebsiella

pneumonia(8.88%), 10 Escherchiia coli(4.44%) and 10 pseudomonas

aeruginosa(4.44%). The most ESBL producing gram-negative bacilli were Isolated

from urine samples (21 cases 39.62%).and Ten cases (18.86%) from bronchoscopy

sterile samples.

Fifty- there cases (23.55%) of 225 total isolated gram negative bacilli are

Conclusion:

frequently isolated from Shohada-ye-Ashaier Hospital. Regarding the high

resistance of these strains against many of the antibiotics and even against

Carbapenems, health- care providers need to plan controlling policies for such

strains.

The Results indicate that ESBL producing gram-negative bacilli are

Key words:

Extended Spectrum Betalactamase.

Hospital acquired infection, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Pneumoniae,

The Frequency of Candida and Staphylococcus Colonization in the Oral Cavity of the Elderly

A Jafari Nadooshan

Abstract Background and objectives: Poor oral hygiene in elderly people increases the colonization of opportunistic pathogens such as Candida and Staphylococci. The presence of yeasts and bacteria in the oral cavity of elderly people can be harmful and in certain conditions may cause oral and systemic infections. The general purpose of this study was to determine the oral health status, particularly the prevalence of Candida and Staphylococcus species in the oral cavity of elderly people in Yazd. Materials and methods: Oral Saliva was aseptically collected from seventytwo elderly individuals and cultured on selective fungal and bacterial media. The density of isolated microorganisms Such as Candida and Staphylococcus species was determined base on colony forming units (CFU) and identified through the biochemical and microbiological tests. Results: Fifty- eight percent of Candida species isolated from 50 (69.4%) of the subjects were Candida albicans .70.8 percentage of Staphylococcus species isolated from 65 (90.3%) of elderly are Coagulase negative. The Candida colonization in denture users is significantly higher than the elderly without denture (p= 0.001). C. albicans and the Coagulase negative staphylococcus are the most prevalent microorganisms isolated from elderly oral cavity in this study. Conclusion: The elderly have a higher risk of opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections. Their oral health care should be improved to protect them from opportunistic infections. Key words: Elderly, Candida, Staphylococcus, oral cavity, Yazd

Antibiotic Sensitivity of the Vibrio cholera isolated from rectal swab of Golestan′ patients. (Summer 2005)

F Niknezhad

Abstract Background and objectives: Vibrio Cholera is one of the causative agents that can easily lead to death if the appropriate therapeutic measures are not taken in time. The purpose of this study is to identify the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated V. choleras from the patients during the outbreak of Cholera in Golestan province, 2005. Materials and Methods: The Subjects were 97 positive cultured samples sent by different laboratories of Golestan province health centers .First, these samples were confirmed with microbiological and biochemical tests. Then, their antibiotic sensitivity was examined by Kirby –Bauer method (12 routine drugs were used).To obtain better results, the tests carried out in parallel by two expert technologists. Results: The participants, aged 29.8 +- 16 years, are male (52.6%) and female (47.1%). The highest antibiotic susceptibility pattern is related to Cephotaxime (91.6%), Ceftizoxime (87.8%), Oxcy Tetracycline (76.1%) while the most antibiotic resistance is referred to Nalidixic Acid (84.5%), Fourazolidin (50.7%) and Erythromycin (50.7%). During outbreak, Antibiotic resistance was not increased. Both technologists reports regarding Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Nalidixic Acid (kappa of 94%, 89%, 82%, p value<0.05) have the most agreement while it is not true about Erythromycin and Fourazolidin disks. (Kappa 67% and 62%, p value<0.05) Conclusion: Because of the resistance of Vibrio cholera to different antibiotic agent, it is important to determine their pattern to control and prevent the spread of drug resistance species. Key words: Vibrio cholera, Inaba, antibiotic resistance, Golestan

Dermatophytic species isolated in wrestling Gyms and Swimming Pools of Kremanshah, 2006

A Mikaeili

Abstract Background and objectives: Dematophytosis, which is one of the most common human infections , is a communicable disease mainly transmitted by human. Lifting and wrestling gyms and Swimming pools have high potential to transfer this infection therefore, we decided to perform this descriptive study. Materials and methods: 1030 Samples taken from different parts of lifting and wrestling gyms and swimming pools were cultured in dermatophytic medium(mycobiotic agar) incubated to a temperature of 30 degrees centigrade and with macroscopic and microscopic character dermatophytes spp were established. Results: of 300 samples taken from wrestling gyms, four Epidermophyton floocosum and of 700 Samples taken from Swimming pools four Epidermophyton floocosum and one Trichophyton Verrucosum were isolated but all Samples of weight lifting gyms were negative. Conclusion: Epidermophyton, which is the most Common Dermatophyte Isolated from sport gyms, is the main cause of skin infections There fore, by preventing infected persons from using these public places and considering the hygienic points can reduce dermatophytosis. Key word: Pool, Sport gyms, Kermanshah, Dermatophytes Journal

The Frequency of Intestinal Parasites in HIV Positive PatientsAdmitted To the Disease Consultation Center in Kermanshah Province.

H Taherkhani

Abstract Background and objectives: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is acquired by infection with human immunodeficiency virus. (HIV).Parasite caused infection is the most common problem in AIDS Patients. Sometimes unusual and opportunistic infections such as intestinal parasitic infections may cause serious gastric intestinal (GI) disorders, which can finally lead to death. The aim of this study is to find intestinal parasites in AIDS patients referred to Disease Consultation Center of Kermanshah province. Materials and methods: In this study, the stool samples were collected from 75 AIDS patients admitted to Kermanshah consultation disease center. Then, all samples were tested by direct and formalin ether methods. Results: As shown in results , 13 patients (17.4%) are infected with Entamoeba coli, two( 2.7%) with Entamoeba histiolyticaly,one(1.4%) with Giardia lumbelia ,six (8%) with Blastocystis hominis ,two( 2.7%) with Isospora belli ,one(1.4%) with Ascaris lumbericoides ,two( 2.7%) with Endolimax nana . Conclusion: This study indicated that the frequency of pathogenic and non-pathogenic parasites was low in HIV+ patients. This may be related to anti-parasitic drugs used in all HIV+ patients admitted to Kermanshsh nsultation Disease center. Key words : Intestinal parasitic Infections, AIDS, Kermanshah consultation Disease center

Fluoride level in drinking water resources of gorgan rural regions, 1385

H Rahimzadeh

Abstract Background and Objectives: Fluoride is one of the anions existed in water and soil. Its amount is not the same in different kind of water. Since the most of body's need to fluoride should be provided by drinking water, this study was aimed at determining the fluoride level in water supply of Gorgan rural regions. Materials and Methods: In this Cross-Sectional study, the subjects were all 67 water sources of the region. Every season, a one litter Sample was taken in a plastic Container and tested by SPADS Method. After Collecting and encoding the data, ANOVA was used to analyze. Results: The Findings shows that there are 4 springs and 63 wells which are Located in the mountainous (N=16) and flat (N= 47) regions. In every season, the average fluoride Level was lower than Standard Level (1.5 mg/L). The difference between fluoride Level of wells (0.39±0.15mg/L) and springs (0.16± 0.13mg/L) is Significant (p<0.05) the fluoride Level of mountainous wells is higher than wells located in flat regions (0.13mg/L). This deference was Significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on The results revealing the fluoride Level of drinking water in Gorgan Rural region is less than international Standard, we recommend adding of Supplementary fluoride in foodstuffs of The people Living in This region. Key words: fluoride, drinking water resources, Gorgan, spring

Plasma Level of Homocysteine, Folic acid and Cobalamine in Patients suffered from myocardial infarction

HR Joshaghani

Abstract

Introduction:

methionine. Many reports confirm the correlation between hyper

homocysteinemia and cardiovascular disease. This study was aimed

at determining the effect of B12 and folate deficiency on the

homocysteine level after myocardial infarction.

Homocysteine is produced by demethylation of

Materials and methods:

study were patients with myocardial infarction (N = 48) and healthy

patients (N = 48) Eliza method was used to assay Homocysteine and

RIA for folic acid and vitamin B12.

The subjects of This descriptive-analytic

Results:

(30.3 ± 5.3 μm/l) and the control group (11.1 ± 3.1) is significant (p<

0.001). There is no significant difference between Serum B12 in case

(297.1 ± 208.9 pm/l) and control group (261.5 ± 205.3) and it is true

about Serum folic acid of case (3.9 ± 2.9 ng/m) and control group

(4.3 ± 3.5). The homocysteine level of all patients and four of

healthy subjects is higher than normal. The folic acid Level of 11

patients and four healthy subjects is less than normal.

the difference between the homocysteine Level of the case

Conclusion:

of control group and this difference is not related to decrease of B12

Level, Physicians must pay attention to The other risk factors.

since the homocysteine level of patients is there times

Key words:

cobalamine, cardiovascular disease.

Folic acid, Homocysteine, Myocardial Infarction,